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By no means am I a pro flycaster but I have had some success in freshwater. The problems you have run into, I ran into as well so I'll tell you how I solved them. Perhaps some of the more experienced fly guys will help you out where I can't or perhaps they have better advice. I'm just telling you what I did.
The weight of the fly has nothing to do with your casting distance. Well I should clearify that. If you try to cast a large fly on a 2 weight rod, it won't work. In flycasting, you are casting the line, not the fly.
The size of the line you are using depends on the rod and reel you use. Fly fishing is a system deal. Look at the rod, it should say what weight rod it is. 6 is good for larger trout, small black bass in freshwater. In saltwater, it's good for shad. You can probably tame some smaller stripers and blues.
When you say your cast isn't going too far, are you saying that the line heaps up in a pile in front of you? If that is the case, my guess is you are releasing the line to early or too late. When you go to make your backstroke, tug on the line. This accelerates it a bit.
I believe the reason the line is hitting behind you when you false cast, is because you are either pausing too much on the backcast or you are bringing your rod down to 9 o'clock. When I cast, I whip the rod between 10 and 2 o'clock. When I go to shoot my line, I bring it down to 2:30. The thing with flyfishing is if you pause too long, your line falls behind you. If you don't pause long enough, the line makes that "crack the whip" sound and your flie falls off.
Good luck
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