There's no official standard that I know of, but manufacturers will generally follow each other. Smallest is about 32, going up in size to 1. After that, you start with 1/0, 2/0, etc. Wire hooks will bend and can be bent back. Forged hooks are made to hold shape and not bend - though they will eventually.
Hook style is another matter. Classic "J" shape, short shank "J" shape, circle hooks, etc. Correct size and style really does matter for landing fish. If you're getting hits but not landing fish, check your hooks to see if they're the best for your application. Circle hooks are meant to be self-hooking, so don't jerk your rod up when you feel a hit - just let the fish run with it and start reeling.
Keep your hooks sharp, and keep they dry after use - don't let them rust. How you tie your hook to your line is also important - but that's another matter.
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